A part of Pure Linguistics: Phonology
5:06:00 PM
Phonology is Study of how sounds interact in various
languages (phonetics Æconceptual representation) .
Phonology
can be described as an aspect of language that deals with rules for the
structure and sequencing of speech sounds. Every language has a wide variety of
speech sounds (phonemes).
For example in English, the ng sound, as in
ring, will never appear at the beginning of a word. Phonology rules also determine which sounds
may be combined.
Consequently, the study of phonology requires
us to take meaning into consideration, while phonetics does not. In this
section we explore phonology and the basic unit of phonological analysis, the
phoneme.
There are 2 kinds of Phonology:
Segmental
phenomena „
Ø Phonemic
Inventory and Allophone
A phoneme is a unit of sound in a
language that cannot be analysed into smaller linear units and that can
distinguish one word from another. Phonemes are often presented surrounded by
// in transcription (e.g. /p/ and /b/ in English pat, bat).
So /p/ and /b/ are two phonemes because they
can distinguish between the words "pat" and "bat". /c/ is
another, because it distinguishes the word "cat" from "pat"
and "bat".
Allophones are any of the variants making up a single phoneme.
So, for example, you might pronounce the letter "T"
differently in the two words "stand" and "tip". A common
test to determine whether two phones are allophones or separate phonemes relies
on finding minimal pairs: words that
differ by only the phones in question.
For example, the words tip and dip illustrate that [t] and [d] are
separate phonemes, /t/ and /d/, in English.
Ø Sound-change
rules and ordering ‰
Feature changing rules change
the value of a component feature of a sound, for instance, from non-nasal to
nasal or from short to long. The nasal pronunciation of the vowel of can is
due, as we’ve seen, to the influence of the nasal consonant /n/ that comes
immediately after it. In this case, the rule changes an oral (non-nasal) sound
to a nasal one.
Segment deletion rules remove
sound segments. For instance, in informal speech, a segment deletion rule
removes the second of a pair of consonants at the end of one word when the next
word begins with a consonant.
Supra-segmental
phenomena „
Syllabification
„
Prominence
„
Tones „
Intonation
Phonological Features
Contrastive function: Each phoneme differs
from others in at least one feature „
Descriptive function: Accurately describes phonetic
nature of a sound (may include redundant, non-contrastive features)
Classificatory function: Explains and allows
generalizations and common phonological processes
Fungsi phonology
1. Untuk
mengetahui perubahan bunyi suara pada suatu kata.
2. Mempelajari
cara kerja organ tubuh manusia terutama yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan
bahasa.
3. Mempelajari
tentang proses pembentukan bunyi, penyampaian/ pengucapannya.
References:
Book Two for Phonology.pdf
Chapter4.pdf about phonology by Delahunty and Garvey
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