A PART OF PURE LINGUISTICS: PHONETICS
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PHONETICS
Phonetics
is the study of sounds. To understand the mechanics of human languages one has
to understand the physiology of the human body. Letters represent sounds in a
rather intricate way. This has advantages and disadvantages. To represent
sounds by letters in an accurate and uniform way the International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was created. Since the IPA is an international
standard, it is vital that one understands how it works (and can read or write
using it). The complete set of symbols is rather complex.
Phonetics
is the study of actual sounds of human languages, their production and their
perception. It is relevant to linguistics for the simple reason that the sounds
are the primary physical manifestation of language.
Traditionally,
sounds are classified into consonants and vowels. Consonants are sounds that
are produced with a major obstruction in the mouth cavity. Vowels are sounds
that are produced without such obstruction. However, diphthongs also on the
classification of sounds.
Vowel is a speech sound in which the mouth is open
and the tongue is not touching the top of the mouth, teeth, etc.
Example: ɑ,
i, u, e, o.
·
[ɪ] » /i/
ex: English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
or Business /ˈbɪznəs/
·
[ɑ] » /a/
ex: Father /ˈfɑːðə/
·
[u] » /ʊ/ short /oo/
ex: Look /lʊk/
or Put /pʊt/
· [e] » /ɛ/
ex: Bed /bɛd/
or Head /hɛd/
·
[o] » /ɒ/ ,
shorter /ɔ:/ or /o/
ex:
Clock /klɒk/
Vowel is divided into two: familiar
and unfamiliar vowel.
a) Familiar
vowels: [ɑ] >> aunt, [ɒ]
>> hot, [e] >> breakfast
b) Unfamiliar
vowels:
[æ]
» /a/ ex:
Cat /kæt/
Bag /bæɡ/
[ə] » schwa /er/or /u/
ex: Woman /ˈwʊmən/
[ɪː] » /ee/ ex: Sea /siː/
Bee /biː/
Receive /rɪˈsiːv/
[uː]
» long /oo/ ex:
Too /tuː/
Blue /bluː/
[ɔː] » /or/ ex: Or /ɔː/
Board /bɔːd/
Consonant is a speech sound made by completely or
partly stopping the flow of air being breathed out through the mouth. In other
word, consonant can be defined that a letter of the alphabet that represents
the consonant sound. Here are some examples of consonant: [b], [c], [d],
[f], [v], [p], [m], [n], [θ], [s], [ð], [ʃ], [ʒ].
Factors
relevant for the classification of consonants include the manner of articulation,
the place of articulation, and voicing.
a. The places of articulation / Menurut titik artikulasi
Places of articulation are the places where speech sounds produced.
These places are basically comes from the organ of speech of human being. The
places of articulation are as follows:
1) Bilabial is a speech sound made by both upper and lower lip. These speech sounds are represented by the symbol [p], [b], [m].
1) Bilabial is a speech sound made by both upper and lower lip. These speech sounds are represented by the symbol [p], [b], [m].
Examples >> >> Pet, Bat, Mat
Pen,
Band, Men
Pie,
Buy, My
Bilabial,
yaitu bunyi dengan titik artikulasi pada bibir. Bilabial terbagi dua, bilabial,
yaitu bunyi yang diartikulasikan oleh dua bibir (p, b, m).
2)
Labio-dental is a speech sound formed with upper
teeth and lower lip. The speech sound can be represented by the symbol [f]and
[v].
Example>>>> Fan, Van
Fat, Vate
Safe, Save
Labio-dental,
yaitu bunyi antara bibir bawah dengan gigi atas (f, v).
3) Dental
is a speech sound produced with tongue against upper front teeth. The
speech sound can be represented by the symbol [θ] and [ð].
Example: [θ] ->> Teeth,
Three, Thursday, Theory
[ð] ->> The, There, Then,
Thus, Therefore
Dental,
yaitu bunyi yang diartikulasikan oleh ujung lidah dengan gigi depan (θ, δ).
4)
Alveolar is a speech sound formed with tongue touching
behind the upper front teeth. The speech sound can be represented by the symbol
[t], [d], [n], [s], [z].
Example: Tie, Die, Nut, See, Zoo
Top,
Dip, Nice, Sit, Zebra
Alveolar,
yaitu bunyi yang diartikulasikan oleh ujung lidah dengan gusi (t, d, n, s, z).
5)
Palatal is a speech sound produced with the tounge and the
palate. The speech sound can be represented by the symbol [ʃ] “sh”
and [tʃ] “ch”.
Example: [ ʃ ] :
shoe, brush, wash, wish, dish, shall
[tʃ] :
church,
chicken, teacher, cheat, chat
Palatal/ Palato-alveolar, yaitu bunyi
yang diartikulasikan oleh badan lidah dengan langit-langit mulut (t∫,dЗ).
6) Velar
is a speech sound produced with the back of the tongue againts the velum
(soft palate). The speech sound can be represented by the symbol [k], [ŋ] and
[g].
Example: [k] : kid, kill, kick, car, cold,
can, cook
[g] :
bag, mug, good, goose, glass
Velar, yaitu bunyi yang diartikulasikan oleh
bagian belakang lidah dengan langit-langit bagian belakang (k, g, ŋ).
7)
Glottal is a speech sound produced without the active use
of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. This speech sound can be
represented by the symbol [h]. Example: have, has, house, whom, whose, who.
Glottal,
yaitu bunyi yang dihasilkan di glottis.
b. The manner of
articulation // Menurut cara artikulasi
Manner of articulation are the way how to produce sounds. The
manners of articulation are as follow:
1) Stop
is the sounds produced by some form of stopping the air stream then
releasing it suddenly. These sounds can be represented by the symbol [p], [b],
[t], [d], [k], [g]. Examples: put, but, toy, down, key, go, buy, good.
2)
Fricative is the sounds produced by blocking the air stream
and having the air push through the very narrow opening. These sounds can be
represented by the symbol [f], [v], [θ], [s], [z], [ð], [ʃ], [ʒ].
Examples: fit, very, theatre, seem, zip, shock, treasure.
Fricative,
bunyi dibentuk dengan menyempitkan rongga udara sehingga keluarnya udara
menyebabkan suara.
3) Afficate is the sound made by stopping the air stream then followed immediately by fricative. In other word, it is combination of “stop” and “fricative”. These sounds can be presented by the symbol [t∫] ‘ch’ and [dʒ] ‘j’, example: cheap, jeep, chair, jar.
Affricate,
yaitu bunyi yang menyerupai plosive tetapi pemisahan organ-organ artikulator
dilakukan tidak terlalu cepat (t∫,dЗ).
4) Nasal
is the sounds produced by sending the stream of air through the nose.
These sounds can be represented by the symbol [m], [n], [ŋ]. Example: sum, sun,
sung.
Nasal,
mulut tertutup sepenuhnya, langit-langit bagian belakang tetap rendah sehingga
udara secara bebas melewati rongga (m, n, ŋ).
5) Liquid is the sounds produced when the tongue touches the middle part of the alveolar ridge. These sounds can be symbolized with [l] and [r], when you pronounce the symbol [r], your tongue tip will raise and curl back near the alveolar ridge, examples: let, red, lead, read.
References:
Ø Companion to
English Linguistics.pdf
Ø ling-intro.pdf
// Introduction to Linguistics by Marcus Kracht Department of Linguistics, UCLA
3125 Campbell Hall 450 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90095–1543 kracht@humnet.ucla.edu
Ø A coursebook of
Pronunciation by M. Fadhly Farhy Abbas, M.Pd
Others
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