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Hi guys. My friend and I will present to all of you
about Linguistics on this video. We hope this video could understand you
easily. Thank you!!
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Sociolinguistics
is the study between language and society. Sociolinguistics is the study of inter relationships of language
and social structure, linguistics variation and attitudes toward language. It
is any set of linguistics form which pattern according to social factors.
Sociolinguistics
is concerned with language in social and cultural context, especially how
people with different social identities (e.g. gender, age, race, ethnicity,
class) speak and how their speech changes in different
situations. Some of the issues addressed are how features of dialects (ways
of pronouncing words, choice of words, patterns of words) cluster together
to form personal styles of speech, why people from different communities or
cultures can misunderstand what is meant, said and done based on the different
ways they use language.
Sosio adalah
masyarakat, dan linguistik adalah kajian bahasa. Jadi sosiolinguistik adalah
kajian tentang bahasa yang dikaitkan dengan kondisi kemasyarakatan.
Some definition of Sociolinguistics:
Menurut
Fishman (1972) , Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of
language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the
characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change
and change one another within a speech community, (Sosiolinguistik adalah
kajian tentang ciri khas variasi bahasa, fungsi–fungsi variasi bahasa, dan
pemakai bahasa karena ketiga unsur ini selalu berinteraksi, berubah, dan saling
mengubah satu sama lain dalam satu masyarakat).
Menurut
Kridalaksana (1978:94) , Sosiolinguistik lazim didefinisiksn sebagai ilmu yang
mempelajaari ciri dan berbagai variasi bahasa di dalam masyarakat bahasa.
Menurut
Nababan (1984 :82) , Pengkajian bahasa dengan dimensi kemasyarakatan .
Menurut (Rene
appel , Gerad Hubert , Greus Meijer 1976:10), Sociolinguistyiek is de studie
van tall en taalgebruik in de context van maatschapij en kultuur, (Sosiolinguistik
adalah kajian mengenai bahasa dan pemakaiannya dalam konteks social dan
kebudayaan).
Menurut
(G,E. Booij , J.G. Kersten, dan H.J Verkuyl 1975:139), Sociolinguistiek is
subdisiplin van de taalkunde , die bestudert welke social faktoren een rol
nspelen in het taalgebruik er welke taal spelt in het social verkeer. (Sosiolinguistik
adalah subdisiplin ilmu bahasa yang mempelajari faktor-faktor sosial yang
berperan dalam penggunaan bahasa dan pergaulan social).
Menurut
(C.Criper dan H.G.Widdowson dalam J.P.B Allen dan S.Piet Corder 1975:156),
Sociolinguistics is the study of language operation, it’s purpose to
investigate how the convention of the language use relate to other aspects of
social behavior. (Sosiolinguistik adalah kajian bahasa dalam penggunaannya ,
dengan tujuan untuk meneliti bagaimana konvevsi pemakaian bahasa berhubungan
dengan aspek-aspek laindari tiNgkah laku social).
Menurut
(Nancy Parrot Hickerson 1980:81), Sociolinguistics is a developing subfield of
linguistics which takes speech variation as it’s focus , viewing variation or
it social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between
such social factors and linguistics variation. (Sosiolinguistik adalah
pengembangan sub bidang yang memfokuskan penelitian pada variasi ujaran , serta
mengkajinya dalam suatu konteks social . Sosiolinguistik meneliti korelasi
antara factor-faktor social itu dengan variasi bahasa).
An MLC-er
weighs said: “Sociolinguistics is the study of how people use language
in their everyday lives. Sociolinguistics looks at how identities are manifested
through the words we use and how, through language, we (intentionally or
unintentionally) create, maintain, and disrupt relationships with others”.
The study
of sociolinguistics also focuses on the language variations that emerge in the
society. For example, the way of how to speak of a group of
students is different from the way of a group of bus drivers.
Sociolinguistics divided into two:
1.
Micro-sociolinguistics à The study of language in relation to society deals with small
group of people in certain community. Example: meeting.
2.
Macro-sociolinguistics à The study of language related to how the society treats the
language.
There are two
branches of sociolinguistics which approach in different ways. These two
branches are interactionist and variationist sociolinguistics.
Interactionist sociolinguistics
is principally interested in what language use can tell us about social
processes, and therefore a central concern is the social meaning of language
use.
Variationist sociolinguistics
is interested in accounting for linguistic variation and change, at least
partly as a product of the social distribution of language varieties. It is,
therefore, less concerned with meaning as process, and more concerned with the
interaction of linguistic and social systems.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
1. Speech Community
Speech
Community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a more or less
discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way
among themselves.
Speech
communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon,
distinct social groups like high school students or hip hop fans,
or even tight-knit groups like families and friends. Members of speech
communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special
purposes and priorities. For example, Speech from an older man with many well
known characteristics of Appalachian English:
1) I used to could read. (double modal)
2) I ain't no girl now. (multiple
negation)
3) He has a broken back ____ was never set.
("that" deletion)
4) Put some bakin' sody on it. (sody
instead of soda)
5) I fell upside of the building.
(lexical substitution--upside of for against the side of)
So
therefore, the speaker is a native of Southern Ohio, not actually a
native of Appalachia and his speech is affected by factors such as age, sex,
and socio-economic status.
2. High prestige and low
prestige varieties
Crucial
to sociolinguistic analysis is the concept of prestige, certain speech habits
are assigned a positive or a negative value which is then applied to the
speaker. This can operate on many levels.
3. Social network
Understanding
language in society means that one also has to understand the social
networks in which language is embedded. A social network is
another way of describing a particular speech community in terms of relations
between individual members in a community. A network could be loose or tight
depending on how members interact with each other (Wardhaugh, 2002:126-127).
4. Internal vs. external
language
Internal
language applies to the study of syntax and semantics in language on the
abstract level, as mentally represented knowledge in a native speaker. External
language applies to language in social contexts, for example: behavioral habits
shared by a community.
LANGUAGE, DIALECT, AND VARIETIES
Haugen
(1966) has pointed out that language and dialect are ambiguous terms.
Common
people see a dialect as non prestigious variety of language. Scholars see
language and dialect as confusing term. Ordinary people use these terms quite
freely in speech; for them a dialect is almost certainly no more than a local
non-prestigious (therefore powerless) variety of a real language.
Hougen
(1966) stated a dialect is language that is excluded for polite society.
Dialect is used both for local varieties of English, e.g., Yorkshire dialect,
and for various types of informal, lower-class, or rural speech.
Criteria of language:
1.
Standardization
2.
Vitality: living community
of speakers
3.
Historicity: sense of
identity; social, political, religious, ethnicities.
4.
Autonomy: different from
other language.
5.
Reduction: a particular
variety maybe regarded as a sub-variety rather than as an independent entity.
Ex: Pidgin.
6.
Mixture: purity
7.
De Facto norms: Good
speaker Vs Poor speaker.
Dialect is subordinate variety of language.
VERNACULAR LANGUAGE
Vernacular
: 1st language I multilingual community, especially informal
function.
Components of vernacular:
1.
Uncodified / unstandardized
variety
2.
The way is acquired,
example at home
3.
Circumscribed functions
Vernacular
is the most colloquial variety in a person’s linguistics repertoire. It used
for everyday interact.
LINGUA FRANCA
Lingua
franca is language of wider community. Lingua Franca is a language used for
communication between 2 people whom the 1st language is different.
PIDGIN
A pidgin
is a language having no native speaker. A pidgin develops as a means of
communication between people who do not have a common language.
Pidgin is
two groups with different language communicating in a situation where there is also
a third dominant language.
CREOLE
Creole is
a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers.
Creoles arise when Pidgin become mother tongues.(Aitchison:1994)
The process of pidginization (simplification of
language) through:
1.
Reduction in morphology
2.
Reduction in syntax
3.
Reduction in pronunciation
4.
Extensive borrowing of
words from local mother-tongue.
The process of creolization:
1.
Expansion of morphology and
syntax
2.
Regularization of the
phonology
3.
Increase function
4.
Increase vocabulary
DIGLOSSIA
Diglossia is a
characteristic of speech communities rather than individual. Individuals may be
bilingual. Societies or communities are diglossic. In other words, the term
diglossia describes societal or institutionalized bilingualism, where two
varieties are require to cover all the community’s domains.
Diglossia has three crucial features or criteria:
1.Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in
the community, with one regarded as a high ( or H ) variety and the other a low
( or L ).
2.Each variety is used for quite distinct function; H and L
complement each other
3.No one uses the H variety in everyday conversation.
BILINGUALISM AND
MULTILINGUALISM
Bilingualism is an individual’s ability to use more than one language variety.
Individual bilingualism use of more that one languages or competence in more
that one languages (Clyne:1997). Multilingualism is an individual’s
ability to use many languages.
Mother Togue
1.
Language passed on by an
individual’s mother
2.
Language known best
3.
Language of the heart
Researcher
call mother tongue as first language (L1). Meanwhile second language (L2) is
language learned after one’s first either out of necessity or by personal
choice, to fulfill some special purpose, individual may or may not speak it as
well as first language.
Triglossia
The
societies have two high languages and one low language. Example: Malaysia have
two High languages such as Melayu and English, and one low language, it is Low
Malay.
Code Switching
Code-switching is a
term in linguistics to refer to the use of more than one language or variety in
conversation. People switch the code on purpose.
ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION
Ethnography
of communication is related to language. It was introduced by Dell Hymes
(ethnography of speaking). It studied base on speech community.
Speech
community is a group of people that tied with at least one language / variety
language and they also have norms.
REFERENCES:
Pdf: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Ronald Wardhaugh,
BLACKWELL Publishing
