SEMANTICS: REVIEW ARTICLE FROM MY FRIENDS
6:27:00 PM
A. Demograph
Title : Frame semantics a brief introduction
Author :
Diego Gavagna
From :
Aarhus University, 2013
Pages :
12
B. Content
This
article give a comprehensive explanation on how meanings are structured and
associated to words in a semantic structure and how these provide access to our
conceptual system, the inventory of structured knowledge that we use to
navigate the world. It gives account for relations between words that cannot
just be ascribed to structural semantic relations like hyponymy, synonymy or
antonymy.
C. Result/Findings
Frame
semantics can be thought of as the effort to understand what reason a speech
community might have found for creating the category represented by the word,
and to explain the word’s meaning by presenting and clarifying that reason.
From these word, beside the systemic
interrelations between words and between the respective underlying concepts,
emerges one further characteristic of frame semantics, namely, that knowledge
is grounded in human interaction with others and with the world. Thus, frames
are prior expectations and knowledge about the world that is the whole time
strengthen, weakened and transformed according to the information our brain
receives from the perceptive senses.
So
that boy would be defined as [human], [male], [young]. girl would be described
as [human],[minus male], [young].The necessary and sufficient condition for it
would be [human],[male], [adult], [minus married]. However this definition
would include as bachelor also the Pope, proving that the accuracy of
the definition is strongly undermined.
D. Strength and Weakness
Strength
: Author analyze about something new about semantic that I did not
find in other article. It is so interested for me. The example is great and
also there are some pictures here. The letter that author used is so neat and
will be easy to understand.
Weakness:
Author said his dissertation cannot be considered exhaustive, but he have tried
to give described the main terms of the theory.
E. Conclusion
This
article give an account for frame semantics approach to knowledge
representations as described by Fillmore and the researchers that have
developed his approach, including Langacker’s domains’ description and Barsalou
perceptual symbols.
NABILA FIRDA ASY’ARI’s
A. Demograph
Title : Semantics and Theories of Semantics
Author : Abbas
Bukhari
Pages : 15
B. Content
This
article shared the meaning of semantics and make the difficulties in the study
of meaning will be clearly. And it also discussed the different aspect of
meaning and also some term and distinction in semantics.
C. Result/ Findings
Semantics
is that level of linguistic analysis where meaning is analyzed. Meaning is
related very closely to the human capacity to think logically and to
understand. So when we try to analyze meaning, we are trying to analyse our own
capacity to think and understand, our own ability to create meaning.
Meaning can be any of the following:
1. An intrinsic property of some
thing
2. Other words related to that word
in a dictionary
3. The connotations of a word
4. The thing to which the speaker of
that word refers
5. The thing to which the speaker of
that word should refer
6. The thing to which the speaker of
that word believes himself to be referring
7. The thing to which the hearer of
that word believes is being referred to.
D. Strength and Weakness
Strength
: The explanation and theories of semantics is very completed. It is easy to
understand for beginner with the interesting topic. Many example can we see and
also would be more understand and know about what is semantics.
Weakness
: there are large watermark in the paper, so it make reader difficult to read
it. There are too long words in this article but the author not arrange and in
the last section I had got confused to see what the author means until he wrote
it . I do not know what the topic in the last he wrote.
E. Conclusion
The
problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult; it is because of its toughness that
some linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics. A
well-known structuralist made the astonishing statement that ‘linguistic system
of a language does not include the semantics. When we talk about meaning, we
are talking about the ability of human beings to understand one another when
they speak. This ability is to some extent connected with grammar. Also, The
sound patterns of language are studied at the level of phonology and the
organization of words and sentences is studied at the level of morphology and
syntax. These are in turn organized in such a way that we can convey meaningful
messages or receive and understand messages.
DESI NORI SAHPUTRI’s
A. Demograph
Title : Theories of Semantics: Merits and Limitations
Searcher 1: Saleh Mustafa
Ramadan
From :
Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
Searcher 2: Taleb I. Ababneh
From :
Irbid National University- Jordan, Irbid, Jordan.
Pages :
9
B. Content
This article covered some of
the well–known theories of meaning formulated in the last century. Mainly
referential theory of meaning, non– referential theory of meaning and
generative grammarian theory of meaning are discussed. Some assumptions, merits
and limitations for each theory are also described.
C. Result/Finding
Meaning
as the Relationship between Words and Objects
Greek
philosophers say that there is a relationship between words and objects. In
other words, the best way of indicating the meaning of a word is to refer to
the object represented by that word.
Meaning
as a Triangular Relationship
The
symbol is the spoken or written word; the reference is the information that the
spoken or written shape of the word conveys to the reader/ hearer; and the
referent is the thing or the object we talk about.
Bloomfield’s
View of Meaning
Bloomfield
(1933) stated that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning.
He defined the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the
speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.
The Non–Referential Theory of
Meaning
The
non–referential approach as suggested by its name doesn’t take into
consideration the context of situations or the reference in determining what
meaning is. There is a relationship between language and the outside world
because language doesn’t exist in vacuum. Therefore, this may indicate a
weakness in this theory.
The Generative Grammarian
Theory
This
approach was based on the assumption that syntactic rules operate independently
of meaning. Chomsky and others believe that changing the active into passive
structures does not change the meaning of the sentence.
D. Strength and Weakness
Strength
: Author expose many theory based on many experts . So it make sure as a reader
to used this theory to add more knowledge about semantics. Also, it is easy to
understand to get point in this article.
Weakness
: This article much give theory but a little example about it. So, it make the
readers to hard thinking to search what else the example about this theory
means.
E. Conclusion
The
researcher has discussed the main principles of three well–known theories of
meaning, namely the referential theory to meaning, the non–referential theory
to meaning and the generative grammarian theory to meaning.
ANNISA SEPTIANI’s
A. Demograph
Title : Modern
Linguistics Semantics
Author : Kate
Kearns,Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics.
From :
University of Canterbury New Zealand.
Upload : Pooja
Saikia
B. Content
Semantics deals with the literal
meaning of words and the meaning of the way they are combined, which taken
together form the core of meaning,or the starting point from which the whole
meaning of a particular utterance is constructed. This article will mainly
concentrate on literal meaning, the content of words and it will mainly
concentrate on literal meaning, the content of words and expressions which is
fairly constant from one occasion of use to another. The kind of
semantic/pragmatic is discussed.
C. Result/Findings
This article present the kinds of
meaning:
1. Denotation and sense
The general point is that linguistic expressions are linked
in virtue of their meaning to parts of the world around us, which is the basis
of our use of language to convey information about reality. The denotation of
an expression is the part of reality the expression is linked to.
The second way of giving the meaning of a word, commonly
used in dictionaries, is to paraphrase it,
The most widely discussed form of the sense/denotation
distinction is the means ‘the blue train’ is to say that the French expression
and the English expression have the same sense. sense/reference
distinction. An expression which denotes just one individual is
said to refer to that individual. Titles and proper names are common referring
expressions
2. Lexical and Structural Meaning
lexical meaning, which is the meaning of the individual
words.
Structural meaning mainly comprises the meaning derived from
the syntactic structure of an expression, for example: , which is the meaning
of the way the words are combined.
3. Categorematic expressions, which include the vast majority
of words, are the descriptive words such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.
D. Stregth and Weakness
Strength
: this article too long and so deeper. You can know more about semantics by
read this. And the example is enough to make us understands. And there are some
tips that have given by authors. So it make we interest to read because of the
interaction between author and readers here.
Weakness
: some sub topic in this article is not clearly. Maybe it need some additional
explanation to eliminate our misunderstanding.
E. Conclusion
From
this article we know that from the sentence “I forgot the paper”
.Semantics provides the literal meaning of the elements I, forget, past tense,
the and paper. And many examples we can found there. This journal has been
explain about meaning such as semantics, kind, semantics, lexical and
structural meaning and etc.
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